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Writing · Cultural Critic · Tel Aviv 1929

Purim, Tel Aviv 1929: AZR on the Carnival and the Zeppelin

Two sharp pieces in "Davar" (5689/1929) in which the elderly AZR stands in the Tel Aviv street criticizing the Purim carnival and the "Queen Esther" contest, while lifting his eyes to the passing Zeppelin as a parable of labor
On Purim 5689 (1929) the airship "Graf Zeppelin" passed through the skies of the Land of Israel, precisely during the days of the Purim carnival in Tel Aviv and the "Queen Esther" contest. AZR seized the coincidence for two pieces in "Davar": here he is not a thinker but a sharp-eyed cultural critic, setting the idle crowd below against the marvel of human labor above. primary source · "Davar," 5689 (1929) · Project Ben-Yehuda · public domain

1 Two Opposites Met

The central image is a vertical contrast: in the street, a crowd celebrating around an empty spectacle; and in the sky, the proud Zeppelin, the fruit of labor and knowledge.

"Two opposites met at one time, in the days of Purim 5689 in Tel Aviv; on one side a crowd of idlers filling the streets... and tens of thousands of people standing, passing, and pressing against one another, unable even to give themselves an account of what this whole empty, insipid affair is about." AZR, "On the Carnival and the 'Zeppelin'," "Davar," 5689 (1929).

2 The Zeppelin as Parable: Labor, Not Idleness

In AZR's hands the Zeppelin becomes a parable of what brings humanity success: diligence, study, and labor. He points to the Germans, who were beaten in the war and nevertheless built it through constant toil, and from this he demands a moral lesson of his own people.

"And over against this, the 'Zeppelin' rises above and passes by in pride: here is what working, cultured humanity accomplishes — it descends to the very depths of nature's foundations, conquering the abyss and the heights of the firmament." Ibid.
"And we, though we have been struck seventy-seven times, have taken no lesson. Tens of thousands of people go about idle from all work... and this, of all things, is the work of building the Land of Israel!" Ibid.

And as is his way, he turns directly to the workers (see "AZR and the Labor Movement"), asking that the carnival be redirected toward labor and study.

"Working comrades! Let your portion not be with them. Apply yourselves to Torah and wisdom, and above all to labor; whatever can be created today, do not put off until tomorrow." Ibid.

3 Criticism of the "Queen Esther" Contest

In the companion piece ("Purim in Tel Aviv") AZR comes out against the "Queen Esther" beauty contest then customary in the city. He first reads the Scroll of Esther critically, praising Esther precisely for her solidarity with her people:

"And here Esther comes and says outright: 'For we have been sold, I and my people, to be destroyed, to be slain, and to perish.' She includes herself within the whole of Israel — a miracle of miracles... She who was close to royalty did not forget her people, and seeks its welfare with self-sacrifice." AZR, "Purim in Tel Aviv," "Davar," 5689 (1929).

And from here his criticism of turning Esther into a spectacle contest:

"And the ugliness attached to Queen Esther is put on display in the first Hebrew city, Tel Aviv, year after year... They strip from her the crown of modesty that adorns the daughters of our father Abraham." Ibid.

A Nuance: Not Against Women, but Against Their Objectification

This criticism does not contradict his feminist position; it complements it. AZR, who demanded women's suffrage (calling its denial "slavery and robbery"; see "On the Question of Women's Rights") and who exalted the learned woman (see "The Memoirs of Glikl" and "Bruriah and Adel"), objects here to presenting woman as spectacle. The common thread: the dignity of women, against both subjugation and objectification alike.

Historical context: the airship "Graf Zeppelin" flew over the Land of Israel in the spring of 1929, close to Purim. The "Queen Esther" contest was part of the municipal Purim festivities (the "Adloyada") in Tel Aviv in those years. The language of the pieces is the language of the period (5689/1929), including ethnic epithets, and is presented here as documentation.